The term wādī is very widely found in Arabic toponyms. Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in wadis.

Crossing wide wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous, because of unexpected flash floods. Such flash floods cause many deaths each year in Saudi Arabia and many other Middle Eastern countries.

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Wadi al’Mujib, Jordan

In North Africa the French transcription oued is often used, although it is also employed to refer to true rivers. In southwestern Africa, the term rivier is used, which is the Afrikaans word for “river”.

Some names of Spanish rivers are derived from Andalusi Arabic toponyms where wādī was used to mean a permanent river, for example Guadalquivir from al-wādī al-kabīr = “the great river”.

WADI DEPOSITS

Wadis are the streams in a desert environment and generally are dry year round except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by a sudden but heavy rain. As rainfall occurs near hill ranges….wadis usually form near a hilly terrain. The deposition of wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of the velocity and absorption of the water into the ground. Fluvial activity in a desert environment is also characterized by the flash flood.

OTHER REFERENCES

Job speaks of his friends whom he calls brothers as being like these Wadis. The Jewish Study Bible transliterated the word brook in Job 6:15a for the word Wadi. The commentator notes, “Wadi, a seasonal stream that may be dangerously overflowing in winter and dry in summer”. Albert Barnes (1798–1870), in his commentator books notes, “The idea here is, that travelers in a caravan would approach the place where water had been found before, but would find the fountain dried up or the stream lost in the sand; and when they looked for refreshment, they found only disappointment. The reference to this verse is found in Proverbs 25:19 where it reads that confidence in a treacherous person, an unfaithful person, is like a broken tooth and a foot out of joint.” Barnes points to their ineffectiveness rather than emphasis to the pain of the two.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Wadi.

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Tyrolean hat

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Tyrolean hat.

A TIN comprises a triangular network of points, known as mass points, with associated coordinates in three dimensions connected by edges to form a triangular tessellation. Three-dimensional visualizations are readily created by rendering of the triangular facets. In regions where there is little variation in surface height, the points may be widely spaced whereas in areas of more intense variation in height the point density is increased. A TIN is typically based on a Delaunay triangulation but its utility will be limited by the selection of input data points: well-chosen points will be located so as to capture significant changes in surface form, such as topographical summits, breaks of slope, ridges, valley floors, pits and cols.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Triangulated irregular network.

Transport and urban geography are closely intertwined, with the concept of ribbon development being closely aligned to urban and transport studies. As humans increasingly seek to travel the world, the relationship between transport and urban areas have often become obscured.

Transportation geography measures the result of human activity between and within locations. It focuses on items such as travel time, routes undertaken, modes of transport, resource use and sustainability of transport types on the natural environment. Other sections consider topography, safety aspects of vehicle use and energy use within an individual’s or group’s journey.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Transportation geography.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Tidewater (geographic term).

1. Authority (limits of accessibility to certain places or domains placed on individuals by for example authorities),;

2. capability (limitations of movement by individuals. For example, movement is restricted by biological factors, the need for food, drink and sleep.) and

3. coupling (for how long an individual must interact with other individuals in order to finish a task).

The methods associated with time geography have been criticized by a number of postmodern and feminist geographers.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Time geography.

The interplay of altitude and latitude affect the precise placement of the snow line at a particular location. At or near the equator, it is typically situated at approximately 4,500 meters (or about 15,000 feet) above sea level. As one moves towards the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, the parameter at first increases: in the Himalayas the permanent snow line can be as high as 5,700 metres (18,700 feet). Beyond the Tropics the snow line becomes progressively lower as the latitude increases, falling all the way to sea level itself near the poles.

In addition, the relative location of a mountain to the nearest coastline can be a factor in how high the snow line would be; a peak near a coast — especially the west coast — of a continent might have a lower snow line than one of the same height and at the same latitude situated in a landmass interior, because the average summer temperature of the surrounding lowlands would be warmer in the latter spot than in the former, thus making a higher altitude necessary to keep the snow from melting in the summer.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Snow line.

Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences (similar to quantitative geography or bunch of critical geographies). This approach to study was prevailing during the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century also known as a period of prevailing regional geography paradigm when regional geography took the central position in geographical sciences. It was later criticised for its descriptiveness and the lack of theory (regional geography as an empirical approach of geographical sciences). Massive criticism was leveled against this approach in the fifties and during the quantitative revolution. Main critics were Kimble and Schaefer.

Regional geography paradigm has had impact on many geographical sciences (see regional economic geography or regional geomorphology). Todays regional geography is still thought in some universities as study of the major regions of the world, such as Northern and Latin America, Europe, and Asia and their countries. In addition, the notion of a city-regional approach to the study of geography gained some credence in the mid-1990s after works by people such as Saskia Sassen, it was however heavily criticized by Peter Storper.

Notable regional geographers were Alfred Hettner from Germany with his concept of chorology, Vidal de la Blache from France with the possibilism approach (possibilism as a softer notion of environmental determinism) and United States geographer Richard Hartshorne with his areal differentiation concept.

Some geographers have also attempted to reintroduce a certain amount of regionalism since the 1980s. These involve a complex definition of regions and their interactions with other scales.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Regional geography.

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The Quilt of Belonging as seen during it’s inaugural exhibition at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau (Ottawa). Photographer: Nick Wolochatiuk

The idea of artist Esther Bryan, this art-in-community project, is the work of volunteers from Victoria to Newfoundland to the Arctic Circle who worked on it between 1999 and 2005. From across Canada, participants were invited to contribute their talents and ideas, reflected through the prism of their cultural backgrounds. The range of materials, from sealskin to African mud-cloth, from embroidered silk to gossamer wings of butterflies connects the threads of Canadians’ past to the possibilities of the future.

Designed to travel, in order that as many people as possible may experience its message of inclusion and richness in diversity, the Quilt is currently on a five-year Canadian journey. This voyage includes a recently completed multi-venue exhibition across the Arctic, touted as the first tour of its kind in Inuit history.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Quilt of Belonging.

There has been much debate on what the word poquoson actually translates out to, with some saying that it translates out to “swamp” or “marshy lowlands”.

Licensed by GNU Free Documentation License. from Wikipedia Poquoson (geographic term).